Expression of glutathione stransferase and its role in plant growth and development in vivo and shoot morphogenesis in vitro. A glutathione stransferase involved in vacuolar transfer. Soluble gsts form dimers, each subunit of which contains active sites. Glutathione transferases gsts, formerly glutathione stransferases, constitute a ubiquitous multigenic superfamily of enzymes that conjugate. Plant glutathione stransferase classification, structure. Involved in light signaling, mainly phyamediated photomorphogenesis and in the integration of various phytohormone signals to modulate various aspects of plant development by affecting glutathione pools. Glutathione stransferase an overview sciencedirect topics. Introduction to the important group of enzymes involved in the catalysis of glutathione conjugation reactions. Stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco seedlings that. Plants in the brassicaceae family have evolved the capacity to produce numerous unique and structurally diverse sulfurcontaining secondary. The phi and tau class gsts are specific to plants and the most numerous and abundant of these enzymes. Plant glutathione stransferase classification, structure and. Lglutamyllcysteinylglycine in sorghum and maize plants frear and swanson, 1970. Interindividual differences in response to plant based diets.
Induction of glutathione stransferases in arabidopsis by. These enzymes catalyze the reaction of such com pounds fig. The glutathione stransferase gst assaykit utilizes 1chloro2,4dinitrobenzene cdnb which is suitable for the broadest range of gst isozymes. Expression of glutathione s transferase and its role in plant growth and development in vivo and shoot morphogenesis in vitro. The gstp1 gene, encoding the pi class glutathione stransferase, was the first hypermethylated gene to be characterized in prostate cancer 160. The present invention particularly relates to the construction and use of a recombinant dna molecule which contains a glutathione s transferase gst gene which increases the enzymatic activity of gst during the course of expression in the plant. Purification and characterization of corn glutathione s. Physiological roles of glutathione stransferases in. Plant gsts have diverse roles in plant development, endogenous metabolism, stress tolerance, and xenobiotic detoxification. The crystal structure of a mu class glutathione s transferase ec 2. The whole genome sequence analysis revealed the presence of 90 gst genes. Expression of glutathione s transferase and its role in plant growth.
It is the phi and tau class gsts that have generally been studied in plants. Glutathione stransferases gsts quench reactive molecules with the addition of glutathione gsh and protect the cell from oxidative damage. Glutathione stransferase gst refers to one of the major detoxifying enzymes that plays an important role in different abiotic and biotic stress modulation pathways of plant. In a survey of candidate genes located in the salinity tolerance locus of soybean, we identified a putative glutathione stransferase gst gene gmgstl1 which was upregulated in response to salt treatment. Pdf a novel plant glutathione stransferaseperoxidase. Gstp1 protects prostate epithelial cells from carcinogenassociated andor oxidative. Overexpression of a tobacco glutathione stransferase with glutathione peroxidase activity gstgpx in transgenic tobacco nicotiana tabacum l. Glutathione stransferases gsts play roles in both normal cellular metabolism as well as in the detoxification of a wide variety of xenobiotic compounds, and they have been intensively studied with regard to herbicide detoxification in plants. The biochemical function of gsts is to conjugate toxic compounds to glutathione, thereby detoxifying the compound. Threedimensional structure of glutathione stransferase from arabidopsis thaliana at 2. Jun 12, 2018 le martret b, poage m, shiel k, nugent gd, dix pj 2011 tobacco chloroplast transformants expressing genes encoding dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione s transferase exhibit altered antioxidant metabolism and improved abiotic stress tolerance. Glutathione s transferases gsts represent a ubiquitous gene family encoding detoxification enzymes able to recognize reactive electrophilic xenobiotic molecules as well as compounds of endogenous origin. Identifying how genes and their functions evolve after duplication is central to understanding gene family radiation.
For many xenobiotics it is well established that a covalent glutathione gsh tag mediates recognition of molecules destined for vacuolar sequestration by a tonoplastlocalized atpbinding cassette pump. Microsomal glutathione s transferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the mgst1 gene function. Dixon and virginia walbot glutathione stransferases gsts are abundant proteins encoded by a highly divergent, ancient gene family. Glutathione stransferases which are involved in the enzymatic conjugation of glutathione to metabolites and xenobiotics, are a large family of proteins that include a large number of classes and. Pdf glutathione stransferases are multifunctional proteins involved in diverse intracellular events such as primary and secondary metabolisms, stress. Glutathione stransferase gene family in gossypium raimondii and g. Glutathione and a uv lightinduced glutathione s transferase are involved in signaling to chalcone synthase in cell cultures.
Ep0256223a1 herbicide tolerant plants containing a. Our aim is to understand the function of this protein with respect to the lethal bax phenotype and to reveal components of the plant machinery that may be relevant to the process of apoptosis. The gst genes are upregulated in response to oxidative stress and are inexplicably. In vitro, possesses glutathione stransferase activity toward 1chloro2,4dinitrobenzene cdnb and benzyl isothiocyanate bitc. The diverse roles of glutathione in physiology are relevant to a considerable body of.
Glutathione s transferases are mostly soluble cytoplasmic enzymes. The plant glutathione s transferase superfamily have been subdivided into eight classes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that this putative gst belongs to the lambda class, a plant specific group with unknown functions. Gst enzymes were first discovered in animals, in the 1960s, for their importance in the metabolism and detoxification of drugs. Recently, several gst genes have been isolated as genes that respond to the plant hormone auxin with increased transcription. Plant gsts have been studied mainly in relation to their role in the detoxification of herbicides, mostly in maize. Upon conjugation of the thiol group of glutathione to the cdnb substrate, there is an increase in the absorbance at 340 nm.
It is a tripeptide with a gamma peptide linkage between the carboxyl group of the glutamate side chain and cysteine. Putative lambda class glutathione stransferase enhances. Genomewide identification of glutathione stransferase gene. Pdf glutathione stransferase enzymes in plantpathogen. Glutathione gsh is an antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea.
In recent years, the importance of the endogenous plant tripeptide glutathione gsh has been increasingly recognized in plantpathogen interactions due to its contribution to various signaling and defense mechanisms. Glutathione is a tripeptide that plays a pivotal role in critical physiological processes resulting in effects relevant to diverse disease pathophysiology such as maintenance of redox balance, reduction of oxidative stress, enhancement of metabolic detoxification, and regulation of immune system function. Jun 24, 2019 glutathione s transferases gsts compose a family of multifunctional enzymes involved in the numerous aspects of regulating plant growth, development, and stress response. Glutathione s transferases gsts are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of toxic xenobiotics and oxidatively produced compounds to reduced glutathione, which facilitates their metabolism, sequestration, or removal. Study on the biochemical characterization of herbicide. Plant glutathione transferases a decade falls short. The gst genes are upregulated in response to oxidative stress and are inexplicably overexpressed in many. Soluble gsts form dimers, each subunit of which contains active sites that bind glutathione and hydrophobic ligands. An9, a petunia glutathione stransferase required for. In past, several studies suggested involvement of plant gst gene. The j b c 2000 by the american society for biochemistry. Structural characterization of herbicideconjugating plant glutathione stransferases and a novel active site architecture.
Nov 15, 2000 overexpression of a tobacco glutathione s transferase with glutathione peroxidase activity gstgpx in transgenic tobacco nicotiana tabacum l. Glutathione stransferases gsts are abundant proteins encoded by a highly divergent, ancient gene family. Their presence in plants was recognized shortly afterwards, when a gst activity was shown. Glutathione stransferase enzymes in plantpathogen interactions. The arabidopsis glutathione transferase gene family displays. The soybean gh24 gene that encodes a glutathione stransferase has a promoter that is activated by a wide range of chemical agents. Glutathione stransferases gsts are detoxification enzymes, found in all aerobic organisms, which catalyse the conjugation of glutathione with a wide range of hydrophobic electrophilic substrates, thereby protecting the cell from serious damage caused by electrophilic compounds. The j b c 2000 by the american society for biochemistry and. Genomewide identification, classification, and expression. Glutathione s transferases are enzymes responsible for the detoxification of reactive chemical species through conjugation to reduced glutathione. This paper is available online free of all access charges see.
The gstp1 gene, encoding the pi class glutathione s transferase, was the first hypermethylated gene to be characterized in prostate cancer 160. Analysis of the glutathione s transferase gst gene. We report here that soybean glycine max root nodules contain at least 14 forms of gst, with gst9 being most prevalent, as measured by both realtime reverse. Plant glutathione stransferases, a tale of theta and tau. Characterization of the glutathione stransferase gene. The plant glutathione stransferase superfamily have been subdivided into eight classes.
Gsts are classified into five distinct classes alpha, mu, pi, sigma and theta by their substrate. Novel isourazole herbicide, fluthiacetmethyl, is a potent. By using the fluorescent differential display technique in a largescale screening, several. Probing the diversity of the arabidopsis glutathione stransferase gene family. Pidwinski department of chemistry, the university of winnipeg, 515 portage ave. Plant glutathione transferasemediated stress tolerance.
Research article open access identification and analysis of glutathione stransferase gene family in sweet potato reveal divergent gstmediated networks in aboveground and underground tissues in response to abiotic stresses na ding1,2, aimin wang1, xiaojun zhang1,2, yunxiang wu1, ruyuan wang1, huihui cui2, rulin huang2 and yonghai luo1,2. Glutathione stransferases gsts quench reactive molecules with the. Dixon and virginia walbot glutathione s transferases gsts are abundant proteins encoded by a highly divergent, ancient gene family. Research article open access identification and analysis. Chs transcripts increase after 3 to 4 hr, and early genes are involved in the signal transduction to the chs promoter. A newly discovered plant gst subclass has been implicated in numerous stress responses, including those arising from pathogen attack, oxidative stress. Glutathione s transferases gsts are abundant proteins encoded by a highly divergent, ancient gene family.
Phi, tau, zeta, theta, lambda, dehydroascorbate reductase and tetrachlorohydroquinone dehalogenase classes are soluble and one class is microsomal. Pdf plant glutathione stransferases gsts are ubiquitous and multifunctional enzymes encoded by large gene families. Glutathione stransferases gsts, previously known as ligandins, comprise a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase ii metabolic isozymes best known for their ability to catalyze the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione gsh to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose of detoxification. The present study aimed to a comprehensive genomewide functional characterization of gst genes and proteins in tomato solanum lycopersicum l.
Glutathione stransferase and acetylcholinesteraseinhibiting natural products from medicinally important plants athar ata, stephanie a. Pdf expression of glutathionestransferase and its role in. The plant glutathione transferases, formally glutathione stransferase gsts. The gene, denominated bcgst1, is present in a single copy and represents the first example of such a gene from a filamentous fungus. The gene codes for a protein, glutathione stransferase gst, previously known as a ligandin. Glutathione s transferases gsts, previously known as ligandins, comprise a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase ii metabolic isozymes best known for their ability to catalyze the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione gsh to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose of detoxification. Enzyme activities and subcellular localization of members of the. An9 is a glutathione s transferase from petunia petunia hybrida required for efficient anthocyanin export from the site of synthesis in the cytoplasm into permanent storage in the vacuole. Comparative study on glutathione stransferase activity. Anthocyanin pigments require gsts for their transport into the vacuole since their cytoplasmic retention is toxic to the cell. The role of gsts in metabolism is unclear, although their complex. The first reports about a plant glutathione stransferase enzyme gst, ec 2. Previous studies demonstrated that individual rice gsts were differentially induced by heavy metal exposure at the mrna transcript level. Affinity labeling of glutathione stransferase, isozyme 44, by 4fluorosulfonylbenzoic acid reveals tyr115 to be an important determinant of xenobiotic substrate specificity.
Structural characterization of herbicideconjugating plant glutathione. Plant gsts attach glutathione to electrophilic xenobiotics, which tags them for vacuolar sequestration. Functional, structural and biochemical features of plant serinyl. Functional complementation of the arabidopsis tt19 mutant indicated that ppgst1 was responsible for transport of anthocyanins but not proanthocyanidins.
Glutathione stransferases gsts represent an ancient and ubiquitous gene family encoding 25 to 29 kda proteins that form both homodimers and heterodimers in vivo. Abstract glutathione stransferases gsts play roles in both normal cellular metabolism as well as in the detoxification of a wide variety of xenobiotic. Tsutomu shimizu, naoya hashimoto, ishizue nakayama, tohru nakao, hiroyuki mizutani, tadaaki unai, mikio yamaguchi, hiroshi abe, a novel isourazole herbicide, fluthiacetmethyl, is a potent inhibitor of protoporphyrinogen oxidase after isomerization by glutathione s transferase, plant and cell physiology, volume 36, issue 4, june 1995, pages 625. Glutathione s transferase, commonly abbreviated gst, refers to a group of enzymes which employ glutathione in many reactions that contribute to the transformation of numerous compounds such as therapeutic drugs, carcinogens and products involved in oxidative stress. Glutathione stransferase and acetylcholinesteraseinhibiting natural products from medicinally important plants. In this study, the genes of the plant specific phi and tau class gst enzymes from oryza sativa osgst and human pi class gst enzyme hgstp1. Inhibitory effects of auxins and related substances on the activity of an arabidopsis glutathione stransferase isozyme expressed in escherichia coli. Plant glutathione stransferases gsts are ubiquitous and multifunctional enzymes encoded by large gene families. Quantitation of glutathione s transferases in rice. Abiotic stress alters transcript profiles and activity of. Glutathione s transferases gsts play roles in both normal cellular metabolism as well as in the detoxification of a wide variety of xenobiotic compounds, and they have been intensively studied with regard to herbicide detoxification in plants.
Pdf expression of glutathionestransferase and its role. Our aim is to understand the function of this protein with respect to the lethal bax phenotype and to reveal components of the plant machinery that may be relevant to. Frontiers glutathione stransferase enzymes in plant. Plant glutathione s transferases, a tale of theta and tau. Affinity labeling of glutathione s transferase, isozyme 44, by 4fluorosulfonylbenzoic acid reveals tyr115 to be an important determinant of xenobiotic substrate specificity.
To gain further insight into herbicide detoxification, we studied the herbicide activity and specificity toward glutathione s. The glutathione s transferase gst gene family encodes genes that are critical for certain life processes, as well as for detoxication and toxification mechanisms, via conjugation of reduced glutathione gsh with numerous substrates such as pharmaceuticals and environmental pollutants. Snodgrass a, ming shun chen b a jamie whitten delta states research center, arsusda, stoneville, ms. Glutathione stransferases are multifunctional proteins involved in diverse intracellular events such as primary and secondary metabolisms, stress metabolism, herbicide detoxification and plant protection against ozone damages, heavy metals and xenobiotics. Their study embodies both fundamental aspects and agricultural interest, because of their ability to confer tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses and. Glutathione and a uv lightinduced glutathione stransferase are involved in signaling to chalcone synthase in cell cultures. Recombinant dna technology is used for the transformation of plants leading to transmission of herbicide resistance. One of the first accounts of the transcriptional regulation of a plant gst by diverse biotic stresses and chemical treatments. Resveratrol and 4hydroxynonenal act in concert to increase glutamate cysteine ligase expression and glutathione in human bronchial epithelial cells. Genomewide identification and expression analysis of. Uv irradiation stimulates expression of the gene encoding the key enzyme chalcone synthase chs, which leads to the generation of protective flavonoids in parsley cell cultures. Plant natural product chemistry has played an active role in generating a significant number of drug candidate compounds in a drug discovery program.
There has been extensive duplication of the plantspecific phi and tau class. Physiological roles of glutathione stransferases in soybean. The mapeg family membraneassociated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism consists of six human proteins, two of which are involved in the production of leukotrienes and prostaglandin e, important mediators of inflammation. Molecular characterization of corn glutathione stransferase isozymes involved in herbicide detoxication. Glutathione stransferases are enzymes responsible for the detoxification of reactive chemical species through conjugation to reduced glutathione. Pdf plant glutathione stransferase classification, structure and. Structures of class pi glutathione stransferase from. Expression of bax in yeast decreases the intracellular levels of total glutathione, causes a substantial reduction of. Gsts are a multigene family of isozymes, known to catalyze the conjugation of gsh to miscellany of electrophilic and hydrophobic substrates. Glutathione s transferase gst refers to one of the major detoxifying enzymes that plays an important role in different abiotic and biotic stress modulation pathways of plant. The theta and zeta gsts have counterparts in animals but the other classes are plant specific and form the focus of this article.
A gene was cloned from botrytis cinerea that encodes a protein homologous to glutathione s. Plant glutathione transferases genome biology full text. It catalyzes the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione gsh to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose. Expression analysis was conducted on a glutathione s.
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